Cervical Dysplasia (CIN 2)

Cervical Dysplasia (CIN 2)

What is cervical dysplasia?
When a female goes to a clinic or her health care provider for a Pap smear, they are screening the cells on her cervix to make sure that there are no abnormal or pre-cancerous changes. If the Pap test results show these cell changes, this is usually called cervical dysplasia. When about 1/2 of the thickness of the cervical lining is affected the dysplasia is called moderate or CIN II.
Other common terms the health care provider may use include:
*Abnormal cell changes
*Precancerous cells changes
*CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)
*SIL (squamous intraepithelial lesions)
*“Warts” on the cervix


Cervical dysplasia describes the mild to severe abnormal changes that can occur in the lining of the cervix. It is detected by a routine Pap smear . Although cervical dysplasia  can lead to cervical cancer , it is in no way a cancer diagnosis .

Cervical Dysplasia (CIN 1)

What is Cervical Dysplasia (CIN 1)?

Cervical dysplasia is when the cells on the cervix change and become abnormal. There is a spectrum of change that begins with inflammatory changes and that extends to the CIN classification of dysplasia and then carcinoma.
In mild dysplasia, or CIN I, only a few cells may be abnormal, or dysplastic.


Cervical Dysplasia (CIN 1) refers to the presence of precancerous changes of the cells that make up the surface of the cervix, the opening to the womb (uterus). The term dysplasia refers to the abnormal appearance of the cells when viewed under the microscope.

Causes:

Most often, cervical dysplasia is caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV is a common virus that is spread through sexual contact. There are many types of HPV. Some types lead to cervical dysplasia or cancer. Other types of HPV can cause genital warts.
The following may increase your risk of cervical dysplasia:
- Having sex before age 18
- Having a baby before age 16
- Having multiple sexual partners
- Having other illnesses or using medicines that suppress your immune system
- Smoking.

Carcinoma | Animation Video

Carcinoma | Animation Video

Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover body organs. Examples are carcinoma of the breast, colon, liver, lung, pancreas, prostate, or stomach.

Like other types of cancer, carcinomas are abnormal cells that divide without control. They are able to spread to other parts of the body, but don't always. "Carcinoma in situ" stays in the cells where it started.

Types of Carcinoma

Although carcinomas can occur in many parts of the body, you may often hear people talk about these common types of carcinoma:

- Basal cell carcinoma

- Squamous cell carcinoma

- Renal cell carcinoma

- Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

- Invasive ductal carcinoma

Classification of carcinomas

Carcinomas from different origins are classified into six broad subgroups:

- Adrenocortical carcinoma which affect the adrenal glands

- Thyroid carcinoma which affects the thyroid gland

- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma which affects the nose and pharynx

- Malignant melanoma which describes skin cancer

- Skin carcinoma other than melanoma

- Other carcinomas including those affecting the salivary gland, colon, appendix, lung and bronchus, cervix, and urinary bladder.

TheraSphere

What is TheraSphere?

When cancer spreads, the liver is a common site for metastatic disease. TheraSphere® is an innovative therapy that delivers radiation directly to tumors in the liver. A form of cancer treatment that directly treats tumors in the liver using small, radioactive glass beads, measuring one-third the diameter of a strand of human hair.

This medical animation illustrates how TheraSphere® treatment is administered. It shows how this innovative therapy is dispensed directly to liver tumors using microspheres (tiny glass beads containing radiation).

TheraSphere® is a treatment for inoperable liver cancer and cancers that metastasize to the liver.

Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer | Animation Video

Breast Cancer Overview:

The first sign of breast cancer often is a breast lump or an abnormal mammogram. Breast cancer stages range from early, curable breast cancer to metastatic breast cancer, with a variety of breast cancer treatments. Male breast cancer is not uncommon and must be taken seriously. According to the National Cancer Institute, 232,340 female breast cancers and 2,240 male breast cancers are reported in the USA each year, as well as about 39,620 deaths caused by the disease.

What are the causes of breast cancer?

Experts are not sure what causes breast cancer. It is hard to say why one person develops the disease while another does not. We know that some risk factors can impact on a woman's likelihood of developing breast cancer.

Getting older

Genetics 

A history of breast cancer

Having had certain types of breast lumps

Dense breast tissue

Estrogen exposure

Obesity 

Height 

Alcohol consumption

Radiation exposure

Cosmetic implants may undermine breast cancer survival

Calypso System

Calypso System

What is the Calypso System?

A machine used during radiation treatment to track the movement of the prostate in real time and concentrate the radiation to the tumor. The Calypso System allows for real-time tracking of tumors during prostate cancer radiation therapy treatment. The Calypso System helps doctors track the exact location of a prostate tumor DURING the actual radiation treatment for prostate cancer.

Calypso Benefits

 - A new advancement in radiation therapy for numerous tumors including prostate cancer

 - Combines real-time imaging and External Beam Radiation Therapy to keep the radiation beam precisely focused on the tumor, even as the body moves

 - Minimizes damage to surrounding, healthy issue and lessens related side effects commonly associated with cancer radiation treatment.

Cancer Cell Division

Cancer Cell Division

As cancer cells begin dividing and multiplying, they form tumors. The main focus of our group is to understand the mechanisms by which mitosis is regulated. We are interested, not only in deciphering the control of chromosome segregation during mitosis, but also in finding new ways to block tumour progression through the inactivation of mitotic regulators.

What is cancer

What is cancer

Cancer is a disease that starts in our cells. Our bodies are made up of millions of cells, grouped together to form tissues and organs such as muscles and bones, the lungs and the liver. Genes inside each cell order it to grow, work, reproduce and die. Normally, our cells obey these orders and we remain healthy. But sometimes the instructions get mixed up, causing the cells to form lumps or tumours, or spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body.

Cancer Overview

Cancer, also called malignancy, is an abnormal growth of cells. There are more than 100 types of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and lymphoma. Symptoms vary depending on the type. Cancer treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery.

Cancer Treatment | Types of treatments

Cancer Treatment | Types of treatments

This article has information about all the main cancer treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, biological therapies, bisphosphonates and bone marrow and stem cell transplants. There is also information about complementary and alternative therapies.

Many cancers can be cured. If you have advanced cancer and a cure's unlikely, palliative care can relieve symptoms, help you feel comfortable and live longer.
The most effective and efficient treatment programmes are those that: a) are provided in a sustained and equitable way; b) are linked to early detection; and c) adhere to evidence-based standards of care and a multidisciplinary approach.
Such programmes also ensure adequate therapy for cancer types that, although not amenable to early detection, have high potential for being cured (such as metastatic seminoma and acute lymphatic leukaemia in children), or have a good chance of prolonging survival in a significant way (such as breast cancer and advanced lymphomas).

What are the different kinds of cancer treatment?

The three most common types of cancer treatment are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Treatment is aimed at removing the cancer cells or destroying them with medicines or by other means.

Types of treatments:

Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Targeted therapies
Immunotherapy
Hormonal therapy
Angiogenesis inhibitors

Autologous Stem Cell Transplant Animation Video

What is a stem cell transplant?

Autologous Stem Cell Transplant is a physician may use a special syringe to retrieve bone marrow directly from the hip bone. Bone marrow stem cells are removed from the patient’s own body prior to cancer treatment in order to protect them. Most stem cells are in your bone marrow. You also have some in your blood that circulate from your bone marrow. Bone marrow stem cells turn into red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets to help your body stay healthy. If your bone marrow is attacked by a disease such as multiple myeloma, it can no longer make normal blood cells. In a stem cell transplant, healthy stem cells are placed in your body through an IV to help your bone marrow start to work right. The first step in an autologous stem cell transplant is harvesting the stem cells. Our doctors typically obtain stem cells from the bloodstream (peripheral blood stem cells). A mobilization treatment brings the stem cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral bloodstream. Once the stem cells are in the bloodstream, the collection process begins.

After the transplant

Our hematology oncology team will collaborate to reduce the risk of complications and address your needs throughout the stem cell transplant process.

Biological Aortic Heart Valve | Animation Video

Bioprosthetic valves used in heart valve replacement generally offer functional properties (eg, hemodynamics, resistance to thrombosis) that are more similar to those of native valves. Implantation of prosthetic cardiac valves to treat hemodynamically significant aortic or mitral valve disease has become increasingly common.
one out of two cases of biological aortic heart valve replacement in Europe is taking place via transcatheter procedure.
Biological Aortic Heart Valve; made from pig, cow, horse, or human tissue, these replacement valves may be implanted in the heart of a person with certain types of heart disease.

Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant

With allogeneic stem cell transplants, a donor provides the healthy stem cells to be transplanted into your body. Family members, oftentimes siblings, are the best matches for donating stem cells for this particular type of transplant.
"In an allogeneic stem cell transplant, your bone marrow is replaced with new healthy stem cells from another person. Stem cells are special parent cells that develop into blood cells and immune cells..."

This video provides extensive details on allogeneic stem cell transplants. A procedure that provides the cancer patient with healthy stem cells from another person, a donor, following cancer treatment.

Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant | Animation Video

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Basal Cell Carcinomas (Medical Animation Video 3D)

Basal Cell Carcinomas is a types of cancer involving the basal cells of the skin.
BCCs are abnormal, uncontrolled growths or lesions that arise in the skin’s basal cells, which line the deepest layer of the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin). BCCs often look like open sores, red patches, pink growths, shiny bumps, or scars and are usually caused by a combination of cumulative and intense, occasional sun exposure.

Melanomas are more likely to spread quickly, so the skin cancer staging process becomes a very useful tool when it comes time to plan for treatment:

1. Non-melanoma skin cancers: Basal cell carcinomas rarely spread and may not be staged. The chance that squamous cell carcinomas will spread is slightly higher and may be staged using the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM System.
2.  Melanoma: Melanomas are more aggressive and likely to spread. This type of skin cancer is usually staged by the AJCC TNM system or the Clark levels. Read more about the melanoma skin cancer stages.

This Medical Animation Video illustrates how Basal Cell Carcinomas cancer grows and spreads. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of all cancers. Learn more about BCC.

Adenocarcinoma Animation Video

Cancer involving the glandular or secretory cells of epithelium. Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that forms in mucus-secreting glands throughout the body. It can occur in many different places in the body.

Adenocarcinoma Animation Video

Biopsy 3D medical animation

Biopsy 3D medical animation video

A biopsy is a medical procedure that, for most types of cancer, is the only way to make a definitive cancer diagnosis, as it provides the most accurate analysis of tissue. Often, doctors will recommend a biopsy after a physical examination or imaging study, such as an x-ray, has identified a possible tumor. During the biopsy, the doctor removes a small amount of tissue so it can be examined under a microscope by a pathologist (a doctor who specializes in interpreting laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease). Based on this analysis, the pathologist determines whether the tissue that was removed contains a tumor and whether this tumor is benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous, meaning that it can spread to other parts of the body)

A procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination. A biopsy is a medical procedure that involves taking a small sample of tissue so that it can be examined under a microscope.
A tissue sample can be taken from almost anywhere on, or in, your body, including the skin, stomach, kidneys, liver and lungs. The term biopsy is often used to refer to both the act of taking the sample and the tissue sample itself.
This 3D medical animation shows an endometrial biopsy of the uterus procedure, typically used to test for endometriosis, precancerous cells or infertility problems. In the animation, a small pipelle device is used to harvest tissue from the lining of the uterus.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Animation

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Animation

A cancer of the immature myeloblasts in the bone marrow that produce myelocytes. Common symptoms of ALL include persistent fatigue, fever, bleeding, and bruising. This animation describes Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), which is a cancer of blood and bone marrow. AML is the most common type of blood cancer in adults, and it can also affect children.
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This medical animation illustrates how acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common type of cancer in adults, develops in the blood and bone marrow. The narrator also discusses the symptoms of AML and AML treatment options.

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) Animation

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) Animation

This medical animation illustrates how acute lymphocytic cancer (ALL) forms from the bone marrow stem cells that produce lymphocytes. The narrator describes the rapid development of this type of cancer and its effects. The video also reviews ALL symptoms and treatment options. Learn about Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) by viewing this video. ALL is a cancer of the stem cells in the bone marrow. It is the most common cancer in young children.